What model of the solar system stipulates that Earth and the other planets revolve around the sun?

The model of the solar system that stipulates that Earth and the other planets revolve around the sun is known as the heliocentric model. This concept was famously advocated by the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century, marking a significant shift from the earlier geocentric model, which placed the Earth at the center of the universe. The heliocentric model fundamentally changed our understanding of the solar system and laid the groundwork for modern astronomy.

In the heliocentric framework, the sun is at the center, and the planets, including Earth, orbit around it due to the sun's gravitational pull. This model accurately describes the apparent movement of celestial bodies and provides a coherent explanation for seasons, planetary movements, and the varying distances between Earth and other planets.

The other options represent different concepts. The geocentric model positions Earth at the center of the universe and was long accepted before the heliocentric model gained prominence. The celestial model does not specifically reference the orbits of planets but more generally describes the universe's structure. Astrological perspectives focus on the influence of celestial bodies on human affairs rather than the actual physical arrangement and movement of planets in the solar system.